Their impedance bandwidth is typically 1–2%. Ver licencia. Description. A compact and efficient microstrip patch antenna is used in the imaging technique to transmit equivalent signal and receive backscattering signal from the stratified human head model. 2 Overview of Microstrip Antenna A microstrip antenna consists of conducting patch on a ground plane separated by dielectric substrate. The radiation pattern of microstrip or patch antenna is. 0mm to 25. An X-band, 12-element array of rectangular microstrip patches was demonstrated for the first time to reflect the main. Seguir; Descargar. deepcold said: thanks. The reactance reaches 0 Ohms at around 2. The patch is very thin (t<<λ o where λ Superstrate Microstrip antenna with square patch (5. 0mm to 25. Universal 3G/4G/Wi-Fi MIMO feed for. 525 GHz. Microstrip Impedance Calculator. MPA calculator Structure of the proposed MPA with all values of measured dimensionsspecific types of microstrip antennas. The radiation of the patch is. However, application specific patch shapes are often used to optimize certain aspects of MSA performance. The microstrip patch antenna calculator determines the length (L) and width (W) of a rectangular microstrip patch antenna for a given resonant frequency or vice versa. Download Andy's analyses on the Adams' resistive splitter The microstrip antenna can also be matched to a transmission line of characteristic impedance Z0 by using a quarter-wavelength transmission line of characteristic impedance Z1 as shown in Figure 2. 257, Evaluation of Zin has been explained in detail in a lucid way. The aim of this work is to design an efficient and economical patch antenna for indoor and outdoor uses. 1. Pasternack's RF Calculators and Conversions section provides engineers valuable and easy-to-use tools ranging from complex mathematical formulas to simple conversions. Figure 1. The substrate’s Dielectric constant is 5. 04/02/2007: Ansoft Designer Planar EM Simulation of a microstrip transmission line added in the TutorialsTools section. 36 GHz) is. 76SR composite as a substrate. a) determine the physical dimensions (width-W and length-L) of a rectangular microstrip patch antenna. The microstrip antenna, Part 2: Implementation. It consists of rectangular substrate and the metal trace layer as shown in Fig. Antenna design. The microstrip patch antenna consists of a very thin ( t˝ o) metallic strip (patch) placed above the ground plane and separated by a dielectric material called substrate. You can start with simpler formula: L ≈ 0. The patch antenna was. By default, the dimensions are chosen for an resonant frequency of 15 GHz. Our RF calculators and converters will provide the figures you need for your radio frequency engineering needs. Hi, as I know feeding a rectangular patch antenna directly at the edge is not a good idea,. patch microstrip antennas," Antennas and Propagation, IEEE Transactions on, vol. Developers can show information here about how their app collects. Figure 2. 23 GHz. 38 GHz. Printed antennae. 9. Enter the resonant frequency or the substrate parameters and get the results for the microstrip patch antenna. 906cmand =1. In this chapter, synthesis is defined as to obtain dimensions (W, L) of microstrip antenna while providing the resonant frequency (f r), height of the dielectric substrate (h), and dielectric constants at the input of the ANN model (). It also has a wide angle of beam in its radiation pattern. And does any one have the idea. Press Analyze to see the results. Figure 1a shows configuration of microstrip antenna with S coupled metamaterial superstrate. Horn Antenna 2 Chapter Two: Microstrip Antenna 16 2. 04/03/2007: Microstrip Patch Antenna: From Simulation to Realization added in the TutorialsTools section. Use this tool to determine the the length (L) and width (W) of a rectangular microstrip patch antenna for a given resonant frequency or. This online TEM wavelength calculator calculates the TEM wavelength (λ) by entering the value of frequency (GHz) and relative permittivity (εr) medium. Any book for microstrip antennas should have the formulas you need to find the location of the feed point, to obtain precisely 50Ohm input impedance. The Patch Antenna online calculator, which is based on simplified formulas for calculating microstrip transmission lines and is intended for preliminary calcula The microstrip patch antenna calculator determines the length (L) and width (W) of a rectangular microstrip patch antenna for a given resonant frequency or vice versa. Ali H. 29 µm. 4 GHz was created for WLAN applications. Microstrip patch antenna calculator; Antenna near field and far field distance calculator; Free space path loss calculator . The microstrip antenna specifications include the following. gold) [4]. Below is the standard input impedance of an inset fed patch antenna at 2. The design process started with the conventional rectangular microstrip patch antenna as shown in Figures 1a and 1b. In summary, the design process for the coaxial probe placement is simple: Select an operating frequency and stackup. h = Dielectric Thickness. An individual microstrip antenna consists of a patch of metal foil of various shapes (a patch antenna) on the surface of a PCB, with a metal foil ground plane on the other side. 26 GHz to 2. It includes a comprehensive report on the design and testing of a microstrip patch antenna and a MATLAB script demonstrating the exploration of phased array antennas. It is simulated using by HFSS simulator. A compact ultra-wideband patch antenna is presented in this paper. For example, if you wish to input "25000000", just type "25M" instead. Real Hams review new sites. Following equations or formula are used for this microstrip patch antenna calculator. 23 GHz. insetpatch = patchMicrostripInsetfed creates an inset-fed microstrip patch antenna centered at the origin. 1 Return Loss. As seen from figure 1. This design approach helps analyzer microstrip inset-fed patch antennas and helps to locate the exact inset length for 50-? input impedance. 38 GHz. These two layers are separated by a ground plane with a slot, which provides coupling. The Square patch feed by 50 coaxial probe is positioned 1. Z 0 = Characteristic Impedance of the overall system. With the truncated corners, the array as multiple frequencies with S11 less than or. The simulated impedance bandwidth of about 219. microstrip-antenna-calculator A microstrip patch antenna calculator Brought to you by: hilmi. f 0 is resonant frequency in GHz for the current design. 45 GHz) and 5G band (3. Then you need to calculate patch sizes, you can do it by hand with formulas given in references below or. The width microstrip line is W and is printed on a substrate described by h 1 and ε 1. The patch shapes in Figure 5. Output is radius and effective radius of the circular patch Microstrip Patch Antenna Calculator Formula. For example, if you wish to input "25000000", just type "25M" instead. 5. RF calculations and conversions include metric-standard, link. To determine the width (W), the microstrip patch antenna calculator was used to provide an initial starting point. The operation frequency of antenna is 15. The feed point is along the length of the antenna. The antenna factor describes the connection between the electric field intensity E around the antenna and the antenna's voltage output V. 3. 4:Inset fed microstrip antenna. INTRODUCTION Microstrip antennas basically consist of a radiating patch on one side of a dielectric substrate, which has a ground plane on the other side. The general dimensions are /2, however due to the specific dynamics of the antenna and the fringing fields, the exact dimensions require more careful calculations. 2 to 19. “Microstrip Patch Array Antenna with Inset Fed and Perturbation for a 3 GHz S-Band Coastal. The design theory of antenna is studied by various researchers and different types of geometry models are invented with respect to their knowledge and applications [2] [3] [4]. 5 mm, and based on a ground plane as shown in Figure-1. ( ) ( ) () (1) where R in (y = 0) is the input impedance at the leading radiating edge of the patch and R in (y = y 0) is the desired input impedance (50 Ω). 5. This rectangular microstrip patch antenna is designed for wireless communication application that works at 2. The geometry of the designed microstripline feed microstrip patch antenna is as shown in fig. 1. A: A microstrip antenna, also called a patch antenna or printed antenna, is an antenna which is primarily a two-dimensional flat structure (Figure 6. The microstrip patch antenna calculator determines the length (L) and width (W) of a rectangular microstrip patch antenna for a given resonant frequency or vice versa. 0004. Created: 16 October 2022 Hits: 6396 Schematic representation of a PCB patch antenna: The calculator is based on simplified formulas for calculating microstrip transmission lines and is intended for preliminary. From the edge of the patch add a quarter of a wavelength from the lowest frequency. Consequently, the antenna gain is reduced, but the patch antenna maintains the same basic properties as a half-wavelength patch, but is reduced in size 50%. Product Categories; Custom Products. 4 GHz with gain 11 d B for outdoor place. When a Teflon dielectric substrate is used, the resonant frequency is 12. COAXIAL FEED TO MICROSTRIP ANTENNAS Patch size =8. 2,578. The antenna patch is divided into four smaller self-similar segments as shown in Figure 3(a), with a scaling ratio of 1/3. 4 for FR4 . Khidhir et. Its resonant frequency is 1. The proposed design achieves polarization diversity by using two conventional truncated corner square patches. Abstract— Microstrip patch antennas have been used extensively in applications requiring low-profile, mounting structure con-forming, and low-cost wireless communications. A frequency range of 1. In telecommunication, a microstrip antenna (also known as a printed antenna) usually means an antenna fabricated using photolithographic techniques on a printed circuit board (PCB). patch antennas is helpful because these antennas are closely related to aperture-coupled antennas. In its simplest form, it uses a conducting “patch” one-half wavelength long, so that the metal surface acts as a resonator similarly to the half-wave dipole antennas. 035 mm. The dipole object creates a half-wavelength dipole antenna, hence its electrical length is Lambda/2 or 2 m,. . 15 to 5. This paper provides details on how to investigate a new method of teaching microstrip patch antenna design made by Metamaterials using MATLAB. By default, the patch is centered at the origin with feed point along the. Matlab/Freemat file 1. At high frequencies, the effect of substrate permittivity on antenna performance is dramatically higher than low frequency microstrip antennas. 6mm3and feed by aMicrostrip line feed of 50Ω. with formulas, which were first derived for microstrip transmission lines, i. 60x1. 4 and a microstrip line feed is used. Suntsu Patch Antennas offer GPS and GLONASS communications serving the Smart grid, IOT, Enterprise, Automotive, Telecommunications, and Consumer Wireless Industries. A dual-band microstrip patch antenna (MPA) based on a polarization conversion metasurface structure was designed. Updated. Patch antenna with a quarter-wavelength matching section. The resonant frequency of an LC Circuit is the frequency at which the inductive reactance and capacitive reactance of the LC circuit are equal. Download microstrip patch antenna calculator. You can perform full-wave EM solver based analysis on the regular patchMicrostripInsetfed antenna or you can create a patchMicrostripInsetfed type AIAntenna and explore the. Analyze. 微带贴片天线计算器. The designed antenna has inset feed over microstrip line feeding geometry. Calculate the edge input impedance for the antenna. 04/02/2007: Ansoft Designer Planar EM Simulation of a microstrip transmission line added in the TutorialsTools section. To determine the width (W), the microstrip patch antenna calculator was used to provide an initial starting point. It usually consists of a metal “patch” on top of a grounded dielectric substrate. The FR-4 dielectric board as well as the soldered SMA connectors were supplied by the chamber lab. Low power handling. Description. This paper presents a design, maximization, and simulation of a dual-band amended U-slot microstrip patch antenna for WiMAX/WLAN application. The designed antenna is composed of a coplanar ground plane and it is printed on a FR4 dielectric substrate with a thickness of 1. Dimensions of patch are computed using the designed. ice. Here you can find some references for microstrip patch antenna design. The dimension of the feed line is 7. Microstrip Patch Antenna Calculator Calculate dimensions and edge impedance for desired resonant frequency. The operation frequency of antenna is 15. path. Alshamsi, Hadef Ahmed, "Design of a Multiband Stacked Microstrip Patch Antenna for Satellite Communications Application" (2019). 45GHz. Based on the traditional genetic algorithm, the study explores different array topologies consisting of the same microstrip patches to optimize the design. Pick out a standard part number from the data sheets listed below. 003λ 0 ≤ h ≤ 0. 3. Moreover, based on the simulation, the antenna with the. 3, and a gain of 6. The effectiveness of the proposed designs is confirmed through proper simulation results. “Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna Using Air as Substrate for S-Band Communication. The length of a half-wavelength dipole can be calculated by the given formula: L =. Actualizado 7 Oct 2018. In the proposed circular patch antenna design, a microstrip line feed is used which consists of a conducting strip of a very small width compared to that of the patch. Microstrip Patch Antenna Calculator . Additional benefits of patch antennas is that they are easily fabricated making. kocha Member level 1. The patch antenna has an Omni-directional radiation pattern with maximum gain of 6. May 18, 2020 By Bill Schweber. 7-2. Pasternack 微带贴片天线计算器 用于确定矩形贴片天线的长度和宽度 (单位为mm)。. There should be a solid ground in the layer underneath the trace. 2 and with 40 mm×46 mm dimensions and height 1. a) Dielectric loss (in dB per unit length, length is in the units used for λ. A rectangular microstrip patch antenna is designed and simulated with CST software using 0. 85 × 57. In recent years, the use of microstrip patch antennas have increased because of the inherent advantages. 03/10/2007: Online microstrip patch antenna calculator added in the TutorialsTools section. 4 Aperture Coupling 3 Chapter Three: Methods of Analysis 22 3. 3 Proximity Coupling 2. Firstly you had to determine target frequency and substrate material. 2 GHz, with a frequency range of 2. 2. The proposed four branches Yagi array of microstrip patch antenna can also achieve a gain above 10 dB and a high front-to-back (F/B) ratio as much as 13 dB. The structure consists of two dielectric layers, which may have different thickness and dielectric constants. The Cavity model method. The dual-port, planar antenna is based on a square-shaped radiator with trimmed corner to achieve CP characteristics (RHCP and. 6mm thick. It consists of rectangular substrate and the metal trace layer as shown in Fig. This paper proposes a design and fabrication of a floodlight-shaped microstrip patch antenna using flame-retardant (FR)-4 substrate within the frequency band of 1-6 GHz. 998 × 10 8) G = Antenna gain (Linear value) The effective antenna aperture can be calculated by the following formula when the gain of the antenna is specified in dB (decibels). 8 Microstrip line feedMicrostrip antennas, as shown in Figure 2. Cite 1 Recommendationprinted slot antennas fed with microstrip lines [6], but the bidirectionality of the radiating element was unacceptable. The passive antenna is a critical part of any wireless communications link, for both transmit and. The gain of the antenna is above 7. If the ratio (L/W) is close to unity, the radiation pattern will be symmetric but may not provide a resonable input impedance. To determine the width (W), the microstrip patch antenna calculator was used to provide an initial starting point. The folded dipole antenna has the. A. In telecommunication, a microstrip antenna (also known as a printed antenna) usually means an antenna fabricated using photolithographic techniques on a printed circuit board (PCB). 3, h = 1. 57 mm thickness. 45 for gold. 05λ0It's time for a Microwaves101 Rule of Thumb! For pure alumina (ε R =9. This design approach helps analyzer microstrip inset-fed patch antennas and helps to locate the exact inset length for 50-? input impedance. 44 L5 5 W4 1However, in this paper, hexagonal microstrip patch antennas are designed and simulated for wireless backhaul at 3. Follow the below steps to calculate the width and length of microstrip patch antenna dimensions for the desired results with the given dielectric material. This parameter is used for the loss calculations. The proposed antenna’s performance shows a good multiband operating at 2. is dielectric constant of the substrate kept at 4. The antenna is fed by a microstrip line with 50 Ω characteristic impedance and. The patch may be square, rectangular, circular, triangle and elliptical but the most commonly used microstrip patch antenna is the rectangular microstrip patch antenna [1]. 4 GHz, microstrip line feed. Center. The frequency range of the microstrip antenna is from 2. A microstrip is a type of transmission line in which a strip of a conducting material like copper is mounted on a dielectric material and routed to a. The design of this work gives the following results; return loss of -34. Light weight. 6 mm 3 which is highly compact sized antenna. The antenna is designed using 1. Antenna Downtilt Coverage Radius Calculator is used to compute the inner & outer signal coverage diameter of any area by using the height of antenna, Downtilt angle and vertical. P B = Power output of Port 3. The length of radiating patch is 12. It has been accepted for inclusion inRecently, a large number of new research works conducted on the fabrication and design simulation of rectangular, square, circular and triangular microstrip patch antennas for 5G application using. 2. The. Enter the resonant frequency or the substrate parameters and get the. al. It is an Excel Calculator for a Microstrip Rectangular Patch Antenna. 6 GHz for UWB applications. It shows that the proposed antenna resonates at frequency equal to 5. Taohua Chen, Yueyun Chen, Rongling Jian, 2019, A wideband differential-fed microstrip patch antenna based on radiation of three resonant modes, Hindawi Int. The operating frequency is 2. Z. In this study the antenna was fed with a microstrip line. Matlab/Freemat file 1. Asked 25th Oct, 2018; Wellington Silva; Dear colleagues,In this paper, theoretical analysis of microstrip line fed rectangular patch antenna loaded with parasitic element and split-ring resonator is presented. is 2. Ae = Effective antenna aperture in m 2. The substrate parameters (ε r and h) are required. A stacked microstrip patch antenna with two parasitic patches, which is suitable for use in arrays and can be integrated with circuits, was proposed in [5]. The first layer is about 9. Overview of Microstrip Antennas Also called “patch antennas” One of the most useful antennas at microwave frequencies (f > 1 GHz). 1, 14. Microstrip patch antenna calculator; Antenna near field and far field distance calculator. In order to fulfill the above criteria proper dimensions are being chosen. The patch is generally made of conducting material such as copper and gold (Wikipedia, 2010). This research article describes the design of a circular-shaped microstrip patch antenna in detail. The patch cutout for the feed inset should be > 2 times the microstrip width. altium. Shorting Pin At the Feed to a Patch. This online resonant frequency calculator is divided in to three calculators. Where the dimensions of the patch along its length have been extended on each end by ∆L. Find Microstrip Patch Antenna Calculator at CalcTown. Key-Words: - Inset-fed, microstrip antenna 1 Introduction Microstrip patch antennas have been widely used particularly since they are lightweight, compact and cost effective. You can perform full-wave EM solver based analysis on the regular patchMicrostrip antenna or you can create a. Full ground plane microstrip antenna without slots and with vertical slots fabricated on FR-4 with a thickness of 1. N. 2 permittivity and 1. In the circular case, instead of the operating frequencies being related to rectangular resonances, they will be related to circular resonances defined by cylindrical Bessel functions. At some point in the summer of 1984 we arrived at the idea of combining these two geometries, using a slot or aperture to couple a microstrip feed line to a resonant microstrip patch antenna. The coaxial probe feed used . 4. Together, with the increasing number of its users is the continuation of developing the method for more applications. 2 GHz frequency with edge feeding technique. 6: 38–41. Description. Microstrip patch antennas have been used extensively in applications requiring low-profile, mounting structure conforming, and low-cost wireless communications. 45 GHz. 020. 5. HFSS Waveport Size Calculator Figure out the correct waveport size to use in HFSS for a microstrip line feed. Figure 2. And on the angular positions with 45. A rectangular microstrip patch antenna operating at 2. The resonant frequency (rf) of a circular patch antenna is approximately given without considering the effect of probe radius by [1]: e r nm r a K c f 2S H * (1) where a e = effective radius of the circular patch c = velocity of light in free. We offer frequencies 1575. 5 and. 4. The microstrip patch can have many shapes but regular shapes areAdvantages of Patch Antennas The unique property of the microstrip patch antenna is its two-dimensional structure. Figure- 1. 2, is operating at 10GHz. patch microstrip antennas," Antennas and Propagation, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 1 Microstrip line feed excited rectangular patch antenna a Top view b Side view Fig. It should be less than -10 dB for the acceptable operation. 45/5-GHz WLAN bands with novel harmonics suppression and high gain properties is presented in this paper. Table 1: Physical dimensions of inset-fed microstrip patch antenna p Often microstrip antennas are referred to as patch antennas. The substrate height was 0. The patch cutout for the feed inset should be > 2 times the microstrip width. Use our microstrip patch antenna calculator Patch antennas can also be circular or elliptical for a given operating frequency. GitHub is where people build software. These antennas are used in a variety of applications including cellular telephones, military radios, and other communications devices. 1. If the ratio (L/W) is close to unity, the radiation pattern will be symmetric but may not provide a resonable input impedance. It also has a wide angle of beam in its radiation pattern. 2. 9, pp. The basic outline of the antenna is depicted in Figure 1, where W is the width, and L is the length (relative to the feed point) [7]. Patch antennas usually have narrow bandwidths and are preferred at microwave frequencies due to their low-profile. 244 GHz which gives the measure of the wideband characteristic of the patch antenna. INTRODUCTION Microstrip antennas basically consist of a radiating patch on one side of a dielectric substrate, which has a ground plane on the other side. UHF band microstrip patch antenna for RFID reader with a center frequency of 867 MHz, as specified in Gen2 protocol European standards, is designed. Use the patchMicrostripTriangular object to create a triangular microstrip patch antenna. e. Patch Antenna Calculator (. The spacing dimensions for the directors are 65. The microstrip patch antennas as radiating device have advantages like, low profile, conformal and low-cost. The proposed design of single patch antenna element is shown. Introduction In recent years, the microstrip patch antenna has widely been used for various specific applications in satellite communications, aerospace, radars, biomedical applications, mobile communication for GSM, and remote sensing applications [1] because of its special features like ease of analysis and fabrication, low cost, light. When a Teflon dielectric substrate is used, the resonant frequency is 12. 1. A microstrip patch antenna is comprised of a radiating metallic patch situated on one side of a nonconducting substrate panel with a metallic ground plane placed on the other side of the panel. The length L of the rectangular patch for the fundamental excitation mode is slightly less than λ/2. This paper presents a high-band microstrip antenna of dimension (5 × 5 × 1) mm 3 for 5G wireless mobile communications ranging up to 40–45 GHz. 12LNO/0. single microstrip patch antenna design, the third part on the microstrip patch array antenna design and the last part on the design and simulation using Microwave office (MWO). , the antenna feeding point [38]), and TL dimensions optimized to 50 Ω impedance matching. Note that a quarter-wave length transformer was used to match the patch to a 50 Ohm feed line. The substrate parameters (ε r and h) and the frequency of interest are required. 762 mm with dielectric constant of 2. 8), the ratio of W/H for fifty-ohm microstrip is about 95%. It consists of rectangular substrate and the metal trace layer as shown in Fig. 7 (13) 11. It was hypothesized at the time that the increased impedance bandwidth was due to the existence of two resonances—that of the patch and that of the U-shaped slot. Hi, In this video you can learn about how to design Micropatch or a Microstrip antenna using MATLABDownload Example Code Here: Cotta. GUI front end for rectangular patch antenna - "Microstrip Patch Antenna Design Calculator"(a) A rectangular patch microstrip antenna fed with a microstrip edge feed. The microstrip patch is usually a pure conductor (copper, 10. Quarter Wave Transformer Impedance Calculator. 0300. The dimensions of the antenna were optimized by using CST Microwave Studio tool. There are several methods to feed a microstrip patch antennas. The effect of the air gap distance on the gain of the dual layer microstrip patch antenna at the desired frequency is shown in Figure 4. Figure 1. Thesis. In [6], a new parasitic resonator-based diamond-shaped mi-substrate. 1). 45 GHz. Without truncated corners, the array has a single resonant frequency at 2. Activity points. 186cm,substrate with height ℎ=0. Keywords-Microstrip patch antenna, return loss, feed line, finite element methods, method of moments and radiation loss. The substrate is backed underneath by a ground plane constructed from a 2D rectangular sheet, which. IEEE Trans. 0) eff. However, microstrip antennas have several disadvantages, including a limited bandwidth of operation, low gain, and surface-wave losses. The measured VSWR results are shown in Table 1. 20 Apr 2021. Microstrip Line Calculator Analyze or synthesize a. This paper presents the design of a compact circular microstrip patch antenna for WLAN applications which covers the band 5. Microstrip Line Calculator Analyze or synthesize a microstrip line based on substrate parameters and frequency. When slots are cut into patch, current is changed. The microstrip antenna is a convenient, planar, easy-to-fabricate antenna with some attractive attributes and features, as well as. Track Thickness: mm. Create the geometry of the Yagi-Uda antenna with two director elements of the length 131. Here are two spreadsheets on extra degrees of freedom for Adams' resistive splitter. Matching network of a 2 x 2 microstrip patch antenna array. With the help of this tool, you can estimate the length, width, frequency, and bandwidth of your patch antenna. Enter the Wavelength, Number of Turns and the space between each coil to calculate the Antenna Gain, wire diameter, Half Power Beam Width, Beam Width First Nulls and Effective Apperature. Microstrip_Patch_Antenna_Calculator. 285 mm × 7. 9–7. 393 GHz with a bandwidth (BW) of 58 MHz and VSWR of 1. The square microstrip antenna is designed on dielectric material FR-4 (lossy) and height from ground plane is sh = 0. Though, research is still underway to overcome these deficiencies. 1 Microstrip Line Feed 2. The exterior region is the rest of the space. Calculate the length, width, input impedance and resonant frequency of a microstrip patch antenna for a given substrate and physical parameters. “Microstrip Patch Array Antenna with Inset Fed and Perturbation for a 3 GHz S-Band Coastal Radar. RF. This paper proposed a. The performance of microstrip patch antennas is strongly dependent on the feeding techniques such as coaxial, microstrip line, and proximity coupled feeds. The fabrication procedure for slot lines is the same as that for microstrip lines.